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美国大规模枪击案飙升 惊人数字背后的社会深层原因

美国大规模枪击案飙升 惊人数字背后的社会深层原因

对于什么是大规模枪击事件一直有不同的定义，但据非营利性的枪支暴力档案（Gun Violence Archive）的统计，自2023年年初以来美国已经发生了40起大规模枪击事件，该机构对大规模枪击事件的定义是：除枪手外有四人或四人以上死亡或受伤的枪击事件。

根据该组织跟踪美国与枪支有关的死亡和受伤事件的公开记录，这是有记录以来发生大规模枪击事件最多的1月份。

在此之前，去年1月共有34起。2014年至2022年期间，1月份记录的大规模枪击事件的数量平均有25起。

美国人对枪支所有权和相关立法的辩论已经非常熟悉，而且这也成为一个高度政治化的议题。枪支暴力事件的激增重新点燃了人们对这些辩论的热情。

但这也让有些民众追问：推动枪击事件增加的背后究竟是什么原因？

各类枪支暴力事件都呈上升趋势

数据显示，所有类型的枪支暴力事件：从杀人到自杀再到大规模枪击事件，都在美国呈上升趋势。

2019年，美国与枪支有关的死亡总数为33599人。2022年，死亡人数上升到44290人，增幅是31%。这些死亡人数中的大多数是持枪自杀，其次是凶杀案。

虽然大规模枪击事件经常引起恐慌，但它们实际只占枪支相关死亡的一小部分。2020年，大规模枪击事件受害者占全部枪支死亡人数的1.1%。

然而，近年来，活跃的枪手杀人事件急剧增加：美国10起死伤人数最多的大规模枪击事件中有9起发生在2007年之后。

专家说，很难确定这种上升的确切根源，因为大规模枪击事件往往具有不可预测的性质。但是，有几个因素可能是此类事件越来越频繁的原因。

枪支拥有量在上升

一是美国人现在拥有的枪支比以前多。美国枪支销售量在2020年达到创纪录的2300万支，比2019年增长65%，2021年这一数字仍然保持高位。

在局势不稳定的时期，如2020年3月的第一次新冠病毒疫情封城期间，警察杀害黑人青年乔治·佛洛伊德后的社会动乱时期，以及2021年1月美国国会大厦骚乱之后，美国联邦调查局明显进行了更多的对枪支购买者的背景调查，因为美国法律要求在有人购买枪支时进行调查。

约翰霍普金斯大学枪支暴力解决方案中心(Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Violence Solutions)主任乔希·霍维茨(Josh Horwitz)说，销售量的上升与“枪能保证我们的安全，尤其是局势不稳定时期”这一想法有关。

霍维茨补充说，暴力事件的增加，特别是在加油站、舞厅和夜总会等公共场所的枪击事件的增加，助长了人们的恐惧心理，促使一些人决定买枪。

他说：“人们很害怕，他们想通过买枪来克服这种恐惧。”

压力、法律和社会趋势

一些专家还指出生活压力的增加是原因之一，这些压力包括日常生活的压力和新冠疫情造成的压力，特别是金钱收入、就业或家庭和婚姻、个人感情有关的压力。

洛克菲勒政府研究所的区域枪支暴力研究联合会临时执行主任贾克琳·希尔德克劳特（Jaclyn Schildkraut）说，这些问题可能会导致一些人“采取行动或做出暴力反应”。

美国大规模枪击事件年度总数

美国特勤局对173起大规模伤亡事件的分析报告也反应了这种趋势，这173宗中约四分之三是用枪造成的伤亡。

周二发表的这份报告发现，近93%的袭击者在事件之前曾处理过离婚、健康，学校或工作中的问题。2016年至2020年期间，大规模伤亡事件背后约一成的袭击者死于自杀。

希尔德克劳特还说，“有毒的阳刚之气”也可能是令一个因素：几乎所有大规模枪击事件的凶手（大约98%）都是男性。

希尔德克劳特说：“我们想要了解枪支暴力的根本原因，需要从到底是什么促使人拿枪伤人这个出发点来了解，无论伤害的对象是谁。”

一些专家说，什么人可以购买枪支的美国法律也可能是枪击案增多的原因之一，尽管必须说明的是，加州有关枪支的法律有些在美国是最为严格的。

然而，霍维茨先生说，联邦法律目前并不要求对私人出售枪支进行背景调查，包括在枪展上购买或网上购买。

他说，尽管有研究证据表明，安全存放枪支可以减少枪支死亡的总人数，但一些州关于安全存放枪支的法律也很宽松。

霍维茨先生说：“把美国与其他国家相比较就不难发现不同之处，有一点美国有而别的国家不一定有的是：在美国想有枪太容易了。”

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《美国大规模枪击案飙升 惊人数字背后的社会深层原因》有 255 条评论

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