
据联合国2月23日发布的一份报告显示,全球每两分钟就有一名妇女在怀孕或分娩期间死亡。报告揭示了近年来在妇女健康方面遭受的巨大挫折,整个世界几乎所有地区的孕产妇死亡数都有所增加或没有变化。
这份名为《孕产妇死亡率趋势》的报告由世界卫生组织代表联合国孕产妇死亡率估算机构间小组编写,该小组由世卫组织、联合国儿童基金会、联合国人口基金、世界银行集团以及联合国经济和社会事务部人口司组成。
孕产妇死亡情况不容乐观
孕产妇死亡被定义为妇女在怀孕时或怀孕结束后六周内,因怀孕或分娩并发症导致的死亡。该报告载有对2000年至2020年国家、区域和全球的孕产妇死亡的跟踪情况,估计2020年全球孕产妇死亡数为28.7万人。这与2016年联合国可持续发展目标生效时的30.9万人相比,仅略有下降。
虽然报告介绍了2000年至2015年期间在减少孕产妇死亡方面取得的一些重大进展,但此后的进展基本停滞不前,在某些情况下甚至出现逆转。
世卫组织总干事谭德塞说:“这些新的统计数据表明,迫切需要确保每个妇女和女孩在分娩前、分娩中和分娩后都能获得关键的卫生服务,并确保她们能够充分行使生殖权利。”

地区差异明显
报告显示,在联合国的八个统计地区当中,欧洲和北美、拉丁美洲和加勒比这两个地区的孕产妇死亡率从2016年到2020年分别上升了17%和15%。在其他地方,这一比例停滞不前。
然而,报告同时指出,取得进展是可能的。例如,澳大利亚和新西兰、中亚和南亚这两个地区的孕产妇死亡率在同一时期出现大幅下降(分别下降了35%和16%),全世界有31个国家也是如此。
从总数上看,孕产妇死亡仍然主要集中在世界最贫穷地区和受冲突影响的国家。2020年,约70%的孕产妇死亡发生在撒哈拉以南非洲。在面临严重人道主义危机的9个国家中,孕产妇死亡率是世界平均水平的两倍多(每10万活产中有551例孕产妇死亡,而全球为223例)。
儿基会执行主任凯瑟琳·拉塞尔说:“无论她们是谁,也无论她们身在何处,卫生保健的公平性能使每一位母亲都有公平的机会安全分娩,并与家人拥有一个健康的未来。”
需投资初级卫生保健
大出血、高血压、妊娠相关感染、不安全人工流产所致并发症以及可能因妊娠而加重的基础疾病(如艾滋病毒/艾滋病和疟疾)是孕产妇死亡的主要原因。这些在很大程度上都可以通过获得高质量和与人尊重的卫生保健来预防和治疗。
以社区为中心的初级卫生保健可以满足妇女、儿童和青少年的需求,并使他们能够公平获得关键服务,如助产和产前及产后护理、儿童疫苗接种、营养和计划生育。然而,初级卫生保健系统资金不足、缺乏训练有素的卫生保健工作者以及医疗产品供应链薄弱正在威胁进展。
世界银行全球卫生、营养和人口事务主管兼全球融资机制主任胡安·巴勃罗·乌里韦表示,“这份报告再次清楚地提醒我们,迫切需要加倍努力实现我们对妇女和青少年健康的承诺。只要立即采取行动,加大对初级卫生保健的投资,建立更强大、更有韧性的卫生系统,我们就能拯救生命,改善健康和福祉,增进妇女和青少年的权利和机会。”
生殖健康的控制权
报告还指出,对于建议的八次产前检查,大约三分之一的妇女只做了不到四次,她们也没有得到必要的产后护理;同时,大约 2.7亿妇女无法获得现代计划生育方法。
报告同样强调,对自己的生殖健康具有控制权,特别是决定是否以及何时生育,对于确保妇女能够计划生育、决定生育间隔以及保护自身健康都至关重要。与收入、教育、种族或族裔有关的不平等进一步增加了边缘化孕妇的风险,她们获得基本孕产妇保健的机会最少,但最有可能在怀孕期间遇到潜在的健康问题。
人口基金执行主任纳塔利娅·卡内姆认为,“我们能够而且必须做得更好,紧急投资于计划生育,填补全球90万助产士的短缺,使每一位妇女都能获得所需的救命护理。我们拥有终止可预防的孕产妇死亡的工具、知识和资源,我们现在需要的是政治意愿。”
新冠大流行或带来影响
报告同时提醒,新冠大流行可能进一步阻碍了孕产妇健康方面的进展。由于目前的统计止于2020年,因此需要更多的数据来显示大流行对孕产妇死亡的真正影响。
然而,感染新冠病毒可能会增加妊娠期间的风险,因此各国应采取行动,确保孕妇和计划怀孕者获得新冠疫苗和有效的产前护理。
报告最后呼吁,世界必须大大加快进展,以实现减少孕产妇死亡的全球目标;否则,到2030年面临生命危险的妇女人数将增加100多万。
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