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联合国通过保护公海生物多样性的历史性协定

经过近20年的艰苦谈判，联合国193个会员国6月19日在纽约通过了一项具有里程碑意义、具有法律约束力的海洋生物多样性协定。该协议旨在加强各国管辖范围以外区域的海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用，覆盖全球三分之二以上的海洋。

长期以来，各国有责任保护和可持续利用其国家管辖范围内的水域，但随着新协定的通过，对于公海的保护也得以加强，使其免受污染和不可持续的捕鱼活动等破坏性趋势的影响。

这份《<联合国海洋法公约>下国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用协定》共计75条，为国家和其他利益攸关方之间的跨部门合作提供了一个重要框架，以促进海洋及其资源的可持续发展，并解决海洋面临的多方面压力。

联合国秘书长古特雷斯指出，协定的通过展现了多边主义的力量。他对参与谈判的各国代表表示：“通过采取行动，应对我们星球面临的超越国界的威胁，你们正在表明，面对全球威胁应拿出全球行动。并且表明，各国可以为共同利益走到一起，团结起来。”

他说：“你们注入了新的活力和希望，给海洋一线生机”

《<联合国海洋法公约>下国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用协定》主要应对四个关键问题。

协定为公正和公平分享国家管辖范围以外区域海洋遗传资源和海洋遗传资源数字序列信息方面的活动产生的惠益建立了一个框架，确保这类活动造福全人类。

协定将有助于建立包括海洋保护区在内的划区管理工具，以养护和可持续管理公海和国际海底区域的重要生境和物种。此类措施对于实现《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》中商定的“到30达30”全球目标即到2030年有效养护和管理至少30%的世界陆地和内陆水域以及海洋和沿海区域而言至关重要。

协定将确保在国家管辖范围以外区域的活动对环境的影响在决策时得到评估和考虑。它还首次提供了一个国际法律框架，用于评估国家管辖范围以外区域内各项活动以及气候变化、海洋酸化和有关影响的后果造成的累积影响。

协定还将便利在能力建设和海洋技术转让方面开展合作，以协助缔约方，特别是发展中国家缔约方实现协定目标，从而为所有国家提供公平的参与环境，以便负责任地利用国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性并从中获益。

此外，协定还处理若干跨领域问题，例如与《联合国海洋法公约》和相关法律文书和框架以及相关全球、区域、次区域和领域机构的关系，以及筹资和争端解决。协定还建立了体制安排，包括缔约方大会、科学和技术机构以及缔约方大会其他附属机构、信息交换机制和秘书处。

该协定将自2023年9月20日，即2023年可持续发展峰会次日起，在纽约联合国总部开放供签署，并持续两年。协定将在60个国家批准后生效。秘书长须在不迟于协定生效后一年内召开协定缔约方大会第一次会议。

秘书长敦促所有国家不遗余力确保该协定生效，并促请它们毫不拖延地采取行动，尽快签署和批准协定。他指出，“这对于应对海洋所面临的威胁，以及与海洋相关的目标及具体目标的成功至关重要，包括《2030年可持续发展议程》和《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》”。他还表示愿意帮助各国做到这一点。

为使协定得到批准和早日执行，将需要各国、利益攸关方和联合国系统共同努力。协调进行这些努力及合作将至关重要。 

（新闻来源：联合国网站）

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《联合国通过保护公海生物多样性的历史性协定》有 298 条评论

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