《世界经济形势与展望》报告显示,全球经济复苏前景依然黯淡,受新冠疫情的持续影响。这份由联合国发布的最新报告指出,低增长长期风险仍然存在,主要受到通胀率居高不下、利率上升、不确定性增加以及日益严重的气候变化的影响。
联合国经济和社会事务部副秘书长李军华表示,当前的全球经济形势对于实现可持续发展目标构成了直接挑战。
他指出:“国际社会必须紧急解决许多发展中国家面临的资金短缺问题,增强它们在可持续发展方面进行关键投资的能力,并帮助它们实现包容性和持续性的长期增长转型。”
根据联合国经社部编制的报告,预计2023年全球经济增长率为2.3%,2024年为2.5%,这一增长预测略高于2023年的预期。
美国的抗风险能力强劲的家庭消费推动了2023年增长预测的上调至1.1%。
由于天然气价格下降和强劲的消费支出,欧盟经济预计将增长0.9%。随着新冠疫情相关限制的解除,预计中国2023年的增长率将达到5.3%。
尽管有所改善,但增长率仍远低于疫情前20年的平均增长率,显示出经济复苏依然艰难。许多发展中国家的增长前景因信贷条件收紧和外部融资成本上升而恶化。非洲、拉美和加勒比地区的人均国内生产总值(GDP)预计今年仅略有增长,进一步加剧了长期经济表现停滞的趋势。
最不发达国家预计2023年增长率为4.1%,2024年为5.2%,远低于《2030年可持续发展议程》设定的7%增长目标。
受地缘政治紧张局势、全球需求疲软以及货币和财政政策收紧的影响,全球贸易仍面临压力。预计2023年全球商品和服务贸易额预计将增长2.3%,远低于疫情前的增长趋势。
尽管国际食品和能源价格在过去一年大幅下降,但许多国家的通货膨胀问题仍然顽固存在。报告预计,2023年全球平均通胀率为5.2%,较2022年的7.5%的二十年高点有所下降。
尽管上涨的价格压力预计将逐渐减轻,但许多国家的通胀率仍将远高于央行的目标。在许多发展中国家,由于当地供应中断、高昂的进口成本和市场不完善等原因,国内食品通胀率仍然居高不下,给贫困人口,特别是妇女和儿童带来不成比例的影响。
全球金融环境迅速收紧对许多发展中国家和转型经济体构成重大风险。全球经济大国加息,并从量化宽松政策转向量化紧缩政策,加剧了债务脆弱性,并进一步限制了公共支出的选择。
应对当前政策挑战需要加强跨国政策合作和全球行动,以防止许多发展中经济体陷入低增长和高债务的恶性循环。
发达经济体,包括美国和欧洲,劳动力市场持续展现出强劲的韧性,为持续强劲的家庭消费做出了贡献。尽管普遍存在劳动力短缺和低失业率,工资收入有所增加。
许多发达经济体的就业率达到历史新高,性别差距在疫情后有所缩小。
然而,劳动力市场的异常强劲也给央行在控制通胀方面带来了挑战。美联储、欧洲央行和其他发达国家的央行在2023年继续加息,但增加的速度较去年放缓,而去年则经历了几十年来最激进的货币紧缩。
美国和欧洲的银行业动荡增加了货币政策的不确定性和挑战。
尽管监管机构采取迅速果断的行动有助于遏制金融稳定风险,全球金融体系的脆弱性以及为应对这些风险所采取的措施预计将抑制信贷和投资增长。
总体而言,后疫情时代的全球经济仍然面临COVID-19的持久影响。尽管一些地区显示出改善的迹象,但全球复苏仍然脆弱。解决通胀、债务脆弱性和发展中国家资金短缺等持续性挑战需要全球协同努力和加强跨国政策合作。
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